THE EVALUATION AND MANAGENMENT OF HEMATURIA IN SURGICAL PRACTICE.

 Hematuria means blood in urine. It is not a disease but symptom of a disease. Management of hematuria depends underlying cause of hematuria.

 UTI:-

         Trimethorim/sulfamethoxazole, nitrofurantoin and fosfomycin are the most preferred antibiotics for treating UTI

NEPHROLITHIASIS:-

                                     Kidney stones (also called renal calculi) nephrolithiasis or urolithiasis are hard deposits made of minerals and salts that form inside kidneys. Diet excess body weight, some medical conditions and certain supplements and medications are among the many causes of kidney stones.

       Investigation include imaging studies eg. Xray KUB and USG abdomen+ pelvis to make a definitive diagnosis.

  Management options include:

1) Shock wave lithotripsy. The doctor can use shock wave lithotripsy link to blast the kidney stone into small pieces.

2) Cyctoscopy and ureteroscopy.

3) Percutaneous nephrolithotomy

BLADDER CANCER:-

                            Bladder cancer is a disease in which malignant cells form in a tissue of bladder. Smoking can direct affect the risk of bladder cancer. Signs and symptoms of bladder cancer include blood in urine and pain during urination. Types include

1) Transitional cell carcinoma

2) Sqamouse cell carcinoma

3) Adenocarcinoma

Investigation include urinalysis , cyctoscopy, CT scan, IVP, biopsy and xray

Management of bladder cancer depends upon stage of cancer

Common treatment are:-

1) Surgery

2) Radiotherapy

3) Chemotherapy

4) Immunotherapy

Stones anywhere other then kidneys eg in ureter, urinary bladder or urethera are managed like wise kidney stone are managed

Cancer other than bladder that causes hematuria eg. Prostate is managed depending upon stage of cancer.


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